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Lodi Unified School District

Policy 5144.1 - Student Suspension & Expulsion Due Process

Series: 5000 - Students 

Policy: 5144.1 - Student Suspension & Expulsion Due Process

Adopted: 05/11/1967

Last Revised: 06/04/2024

Last Reviewed: 06/04/2024

Download Policy 5144.1 - Student Suspension & Expulsion Due Process PDF (English)

Download Rule 5144.1 - Student Suspension & Expulsion Due Process PDF (English)

SUSPENSION/EXPULSION/DUE PROCESS

The Board of Education desires to provide district students access to educational opportunities in an orderly school environment that protects their safety and security, ensures their welfare and well-being, and promotes their learning and development. The Board shall develop rules and regulations setting the standards of behavior expected of district students and the disciplinary processes and procedures for addressing violations of those standards, including suspension and/or expulsion.

The grounds for suspension and expulsion and the procedures for considering, recommending, and/or implementing suspension and expulsion shall be only those specified in law, in this policy, and in the accompanying Board Rule.

Except when otherwise permitted by law, a student may be suspended or expelled only when their behavior is related to a school activity or school attendance occurring within any district school or another school district, regardless of when it occurs including, but not limited to, the following:

  1. While on school grounds
  2. While going to or coming from schools
  3. During the lunch period, whether on or off the school campus
  4. During, going to, or coming from a school-sponsored activity

District staff shall enforce the rules concerning student suspension and expulsion fairly, consistently, and in accordance with the district’s nondiscrimination policies.

Appropriate Use of Suspension Authority
Except when a student’s act violates Education Code 48900 (a)-(e), as listed in items #1-5 under “Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: K-12” of the accompanying Board Rule, or when the student’s presence causes a danger to others, suspension shall be used only when other means of correction have failed to bring about proper conduct.

A student’s parents/guardians shall be notified as soon as possible when there is an escalating pattern of misbehavior that could lead to on-campus or off-campus suspension.

No student may be suspended for disruption or willful defiance, except by a teacher pursuant to Education Code 48910.

Students shall not be suspended or expelled for truancy, tardiness, or absenteeism from assigned school activities.

On Campus Suspension
To ensure the proper supervision and ongoing learning of students who are suspended for any of the reasons enumerated in Education Code 48900 and 48900.2, but who pose no imminent danger or threat to anyone at school and for whom expulsion proceedings have not been initiated, the Superintendent or designee shall establish a supervised classroom suspension program which meets the requirements of law.

Except where a supervised suspension is permitted by law for a student’s first offense, supervised suspension shall be imposed only when other means of correction have failed to bring about proper conduct.

Authority to Expel
A student may be expelled only by the Board of Education.

As required by law, the Superintendent or principal shall recommend expulsion and the Board shall expel any student found to have committed any of the following “mandatory recommendation and mandatory expulsion” acts at school or at a school activity off school grounds:

  1. Possessing a firearm which is not an imitation firearm, as verified by a certificated employee, unless the student had obtained prior written permission to possess the item from a certificated school employee with the principal or designee’s concurrence
  2. Selling or otherwise furnishing a firearm
  3. Brandishing a knife at another person
  4. Unlawfully selling a controlled substance listed in Health and Safety Code 11053- 11058
  5. Committing or attempting to commit a sexual assault as defined in Penal Code 261, 266c, 286, 287, 288, 289, or former 288a or committing a sexual battery as defined in Penal Code 243.4
  6. Possessing an explosive as defined in 18 USC 921

For all other violations listed in the accompanying Board Rule, the Superintendent or principal shall have the discretion to recommend expulsion of a student. If the expulsion is recommended, the Board shall order the student expelled only if it makes a finding of either or both of the following:

  1. That other means of correction are not feasible or have repeatedly failed to bring about proper conduct
  2. That due to the nature of the violation, the presence of the student causes a continuing danger to the physical safety of the student or others

A vote to expel a student shall be taken in a public session.

The Board may vote to suspend the enforcement of the expulsion order pursuant to the requirements of law and the accompanying Board Rule.

No student shall be expelled for disruption or willful defiance.

No child enrolled in a preschool program shall be expelled except under limited circumstances as specified in BR 5148.3 – Preschool/Early Childhood Education.

Due Process
The Board shall provide for the fair and equitable treatment of students facing suspension and/or expulsion by affording them their due process rights under the law. The Superintendent or designee shall comply with procedures for notices, hearings, and appeals as specified in law and Board Rule.

Maintenance and Monitoring of Outcome Data
The Superintendent or designee shall maintain outcome data related to student suspensions and expulsions in accordance with Education Code 48900.8 and 48916.1, including , but not limited to, the number of students recommended for expulsion, the grounds for each recommended expulsion, the actions taken by the Board, the types of referral made after each expulsion, and the disposition of the students after the expulsion period.

For any expulsion that involves the possession of a firearm, such data shall include the name of the school and the type of firearm involved, as required pursuant to 20 USC 7961. Suspension and expulsion data shall be reported to the Board annually and to the California Department of Education when so required.

In presenting the report to the Board, the Superintendent or designee shall disaggregate data on suspensions and expulsions by school and by numerically significant student subgroups, including, but not limited to, ethnic subgroups, socioeconomically disadvantaged students, English learners, students with disabilities, foster youth, and homeless students. Based on the data, the Board shall address any identified disparities in the imposition of student discipline and shall determine whether and how the district is meeting its goals for improving school climate as specified in its local control and accountability plan.

Rule 5144.1

Adopted: 05/11/1967

Last Revised: 10/17/2025
 

Definitions:
Suspension from school means removal of a student from ongoing instruction for adjustment purposes. However, suspension does not mean any of the following:
 
  1. Reassignment to another education program or class at the same school where the student will receive continuing instruction for the length of day prescribed by the Board of Education for students of the same grade level
     
  2. Referral to a certificated employee designated by the principal to advise students
     
  3. Removal from the class, but without reassignment to another class or program, for the remainder of the class period without sending the student to the principal or designee as provided in Education Code 48910
Social probation means a student may not attend any school-related event or activity for thirty (30) calendar days. A school-related event is any school sponsored activity that occurs outside of regular school hours (not including activities required for a student’s class). School-related events and activities include, but are not limited to, participation in or attendance at school sponsored athletic practices or events, band, choir, drama, sideline cheer, drill or speech performances, school dances, after school rallies, student government, club meetings/activities and promotion/graduation ceremonies. Social probation may only be imposed for severe or repeat offences under Education Code 48900. The duration of the probationary period may be reduced to fifteen (15) calendar days at the discretion of school administration if the student participates in targeted accountability and support strategies and/or interventions deemed appropriate to the misconduct.
 
Notice of Regulations
At the beginning of each school year, the principal of each school shall ensure that all students and parents/guardians are notified in writing of all school rules related to discipline, including suspension and expulsion.
 
Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion
Acts for which a student, including a student with disabilities, may be suspended or expelled shall only be those specified as follows:
 
  1. Caused, attempted to cause, or threatened to cause physical injury to another person, willfully used force or violence upon another person, except in self-defense, or committed as an aider or abettor, as adjudged by a juvenile court, a crime of physical violence in which the victim suffered great or serious bodily injury

    (a) When a student has been involved in a fight, the administrator shall initiate a “No Fight Contract” to be signed by the student and a parent/guardian.
     
  2. Possessed, sold, or otherwise furnished any firearm, knife, explosive, or other dangerous object, unless, in the case of possession of any object of this type, the student had obtained written permission to possess the item from a certificated school employee, with the principal or designee's concurrence
     
  3. Unlawfully possessed, used, sold, otherwise furnished, or was under the influence of, any controlled substance as defined in Health and Safety Code 11053-11058, alcoholic beverage, or intoxicant of any kind
     
  4. Unlawfully offered, arranged, or negotiated to sell any controlled substance as defined in Health and Safety Code 11053-11058, alcoholic beverage, or intoxicant of any kind, and then sold, delivered, or otherwise furnished to any person another liquid, substance, or material and represented same as such controlled substance, alcoholic beverage, or intoxicant
     
  5. Committed or attempted to commit robbery or extortion
     
  6. Caused or attempted to cause damage to school property or private property
     
  7. Stole or attempted to steal school property or private property
     
  8. Possessed or used tobacco or products containing tobacco or nicotine products, including, but not limited to, cigars, cigarettes, miniature cigars, clove cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, snuff, chew packets, and betel, except that this restriction shall not prohibit a student from using or possessing their own prescription products
     
  9. Committed an obscene act or engaged in habitual profanity or vulgarity
     
  10. Unlawfully possessed, offered, arranged, or negotiated to sell any drug paraphernalia, as defined in Health and Safety Code 11014.5
     
  11. Knowingly received stolen school property or private property
     
  12. Possessed an imitation firearm

    Imitation firearm means a replica of a firearm that is so substantially similar in physical properties to an existing firearm as to lead a reasonable person to conclude that the replica is a firearm.
     
  13. Committed or attempted to commit a sexual assault as defined in Penal Code 261, 266c, 286, 288, 288a, or 289, or committed a sexual battery as defined in Penal Code 243.4
     
  14. Harassed, threatened, or intimidated a student who is a complaining witness or witness in a school disciplinary proceeding for the purpose of preventing that student from being a witness and/or retaliating against that student for being a witness
     
  15. Unlawfully offered, arranged to sell, negotiated to sell, or sold the prescription drug Soma
     
  16. Engaged in, or attempted to engage in, hazing

    Hazing means a method of initiation or pre-initiation into a student organization or body, whether or not the organization or body is officially recognized by an educational institution, which is likely to cause serious bodily injury or personal degradation or disgrace resulting in physical or mental harm to a former, current, or prospective student. Hazing does not include athletic events or school-sanctioned events.
     
  17. Engaged in an act of bullying

    Bullying means any severe or pervasive physical or verbal act or conduct, including communications made in writing or by means of an electronic act, directed toward one or more students that has or can reasonably be predicted to have the effect of placing a reasonable student in fear of harm to themselves or their property; cause the student to experience a substantially detrimental effect on their physical or mental health; or cause the student to experience substantial interferences with their academic performance or ability to participate in or benefit from the services, activities, or privileges provided by a school.   

    Bullying shall include any act of sexual harassment hate violence, or harassment, threat, or intimidation, as defined Education Code 48900.2, 48900.3, 48900.4 and below in items # 1-3 of “Additional Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: Grades 4-12,”that has any effects described above on a reasonable student     

    Electronic act means the creation or transmission of a communication originated on or off school site, including but not limited to, a message, text, sound, image, or post on a social network Internet web site, including, but not limited to, a communication, including, but not limited to, a telephone, wireless telephone, or other wireless communication device, computer, or pager. A post on a social network Internet web site shall include, but is not limited to, the posting or creation of a burn page or the creation of a credible impersonation or false profile for the purpose of causing a reasonable student any of the effects of bullying described above.     

    Reasonable student means a student, including, but not limited to, a student who has been identified as a student with a disability, who exercises average care, skill, and judgment in conduct for a person of their age, or for a person of their age with their disability.
     
  18. Aided or abetted the infliction or attempted infliction of physical injury on another person, as defined in Penal Code 31
     
  19. Made terrorist threats against school officials and/or school property.

    A terrorist threat includes any written or oral statement by a person who willfully threatens to commit a crime which will result in death or great bodily injury to another person or property damage in excess of $1,000, with the specific intent that the statement is to be taken as a threat, even if there is no intent of actually carrying it out.
 
Additional Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: Grade 4-12
Any student in grades 4-12 may be suspended, but not expelled, for disrupting school activities or otherwise willfully defying the valid authority of supervisors, teachers, administrators, other school officials, or other school personnel engaged in the performance of their duties.
 
A student in grades 4-12 is also subject to suspension or recommendation for expulsion when it is determined that they:
 
  1. Committed sexual harassment as defined in Education Code 212.5 

    Sexual harassment means conduct which, when considered from the perspective of a reasonable person of the same gender as the victim, is sufficiently severe, persistent or pervasive as to have a negative impact upon the victim's academic performance or to create an intimidating, hostile, or offensive educational environment.
     
  2. Caused, attempted to cause, threatened to cause, or participated in an act of hate violence as defined in Education Code 233 

    Hate violence means any act punishable under Penal Code 422.6, 422.7, or 422.75. Such acts include injuring or intimidating a victim, interfering with the exercise of a victim's civil rights, or damaging a victim's property because of the victim's race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, disability, gender, gender identity, gender expression, or sexual orientation; a perception of the presence of any of those characteristics in the victim; or the victim's association with a person or group with one or more of those actual or perceived characteristics.
     
  3. Intentionally engaged in harassment, threats, or intimidation against district personnel or students that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to have the actual and reasonably expected effect of materially disrupting classwork, creating substantial disorder, and invading the rights of school personnel or students by creating an intimidating or hostile educational environment.
 
Suspension from Class by a Teacher
A teacher may remove a student, including a grade K-3 student, from class for the remainder of the day and the following day for disruption, willful defiance, or any of the acts specified in Education Code 48900 and listed as items #1-19 under “Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion K-12” above.
 
When suspending a student from class, the teacher shall immediately report this action to the principal or designee and send the student to the principal or designee for appropriate action. If that action requires the continuing presence of the student at school, they shall be appropriately supervised during the class periods from which they have been suspended.
 
As soon as possible, after the teacher decides to suspend the student, they shall ask the student's parent/guardian to attend a parent-teacher conference regarding the suspension. A counselor or psychologist may attend the conference if it is practicable, and a school administrator shall attend if either the parent/guardian or teacher so requests.
 
A student suspended from class shall not be returned to class during the period of removal without the approval of the teacher of the class and the principal or designee.
 
A student suspended from class shall not be placed in another regular class during the period of suspension. However, if a student is assigned to more than one class per day they may continue to attend other regular classes except those held at the same time as the class from which the student was suspended.
 
The teacher of any class from which a student is suspended may require the student to complete any assignments and tests missed during the suspension.
 
Pursuant to Board policy, a teacher may require the parent/guardian of a student whom the teacher has suspended to attend a portion of a school day in their child's classroom. When a teacher makes this request, the principal shall send the parent/guardian a written notice that the parent/guardian's attendance is requested pursuant to law.
 
The notice shall specify that the attendance may be on either the date the student is scheduled to return to class or within one week thereafter.
 
This notice shall also:
 
  1. Inform the parent/guardian when their presence is expected and by what means they may arrange an alternate date
     
  2. State that if the parent/guardian does not have a means of transportation to school, they may ride the school bus with the student
     
  3. Ask the parent/guardian to meet with the principal after the visit and before leaving school, as required by Education Code 48900.1
Suspension by Superintendent, Principal, or Designee
To implement disciplinary procedures at a school site, the principal may, in writing, designate as the principal’s designee another administrator or, if the principal is the only administrator at the school site, a certificated employee. As necessary, the principal may, in writing, also designate another administrator or certificated employee as the secondary designee to assist with disciplinary procedures when the principal and principal’s primary designee are absent from the school site.
 
The Superintendent, principal, or designee shall immediately suspend any student found at the school or a school activity to have committed any of the acts listed in the Board Policy under “Authority to Expel” and for which they are required to recommend expulsion.
 
The Superintendent, principal, or designee may impose a suspension a first offense if they determine that the student violated items #1-5 listed under "Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: K-12”" above or if the student's presence causes a danger to persons.
 
For all other offenses, a student may be suspended only when the Superintendent or principal has determined that other means of correction have been documented and have failed to bring about proper conduct in the student.
 
When other means of correction are implemented prior to imposing suspension or supervised suspension upon a student, the Superintendent, principal, or designee shall document the other means of correction used and retain them in the student’s record.
 
Length of Suspension
The Superintendent, principal, or designee may suspend a student from school for not more than five consecutive school days.
 
A student may be suspended from school for not more than 20 school days in any school year. However, if a student enrolls in or is transferred to another regular school, an opportunity school, or continuation or class, for purposes of adjustment, they may be suspended for not more than 30 days in any school year. The district may count suspensions that occur while a student is enrolled in another school district toward the maximum number of days for which the student may be suspended in any school year.
 
These restrictions on the number of days of suspension shall not apply when a suspension is extended pending an expulsion.
 
Due process Procedures for Suspension
Suspensions shall be initiated according to the following procedures:
 
  1. Informal Conference: Suspension shall be preceded by an informal conference conducted by the Superintendent, principal, or designee with the student and, whenever practicable, the teacher, supervisor, or school employee who referred the student to the principal. At the conference, the student shall be informed of the reason for the disciplinary action, presented with the evidence against them, and given the opportunity to present their version and evidence in support of their defense.   

    This conference may be omitted if the Superintendent, principal, or designee determines that an emergency situation exists involving a clear and present danger to the lives, safety, or health of students or school personnel. If a student is suspended without this conference, both the parent/guardian and student shall be notified of the student's right to return to school for the purpose of the conference. The conference shall be held within two school days, unless the student waives their right to it or is physically unable to attend for any reason. In such a case, the conference shall be held as soon as the student is physically able to return to school.
     
  2. Administrative Actions: All requests for student suspension are to be processed by the principal or designee. A school employee shall report the suspension, including the name of the student and the cause for the suspension, to the Superintendent or designee.
     
  3. Notice to Parents/Guardians: At the time of the suspension, a school employee shall make a reasonable effort to contact the parent/guardian by telephone or in person. Whenever a student is suspended, the parent/guardian shall be notified in writing of the suspension.   

    This notice shall state the specific offense committed by the student.     

    In addition, the notice may state the date and time when the student may return to school. If school officials wish to ask the parent/guardian to confer regarding matters pertinent to the suspension, the notice may add that state law requires the parent/guardian to respond to such requests without delay.
     
  4. Parent/Guardian Conference: Whenever a student is suspended, school officials may meet with the parent/guardian to discuss the cause(s) and duration of the suspension, the school policy involved, and any other pertinent matter.     

    While the parent/guardian is required to respond without delay to a request for a conference about their student's behavior, no penalties may be imposed on the student for the failure of the parent/guardian to attend such a conference. The student may not be denied readmission solely because the parent/guardian failed to attend the conference.
     
  5. Extension of Suspension: If the Board is considering the expulsion of a suspended student from any school or the suspension of a student for the balance of the semester from continuation school, the Superintendent or designee may, in writing, extend the suspension until such time as the Board has made a decision provided the following requirements are followed:     

    (a) The extension of the original period of suspension shall be preceded by notice of such extension with an offer to hold a conference concerning the extension, giving the student an opportunity to be heard. This conference may be held in conjunction with a meeting requested by the student or parent/guardian to challenge the original suspension     

    (b) The Superintendent or designee determines, following a meeting in which the student and the student's parent/guardian were invited to participate, that the student's presence at the school or at an alternative school would endanger persons or property or threaten to disrupt the instructional process     

    (c) If the student involved is a foster youth, the Superintendent or designee shall notify the district liaison for foster youth of the need to invite the student’s attorney and a representative of the appropriate county child welfare agency to attend the meeting     

    (d) If the student involved is a homeless youth, the Superintendent or designee shall notify the district liaison for homeless students
Suspension by the Board
The Board may suspend a student for any of the acts listed in "Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: Grades K-12" and Additional Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: Grades 4-12” above and within the limits specified in "Suspension by Superintendent, Principal, or Designee" above.
 
The Board may suspend a student enrolled in a continuation school or class for a period not longer than the remainder of the semester. The suspension shall meet the requirements of Education Code 48915.
 
When the Board is considering a suspension, disciplinary action, or any other action (except expulsion) against any student, it shall hold closed sessions if a public hearing would lead to disclosure of information violating a student's right to privacy under Education Code 49073-49079.
 
The Board shall provide the student and their parent/guardian with written notice of the closed session by registered or certified mail or personal service. Upon receiving this notice, the student or parent/guardian may request a public meeting, and this request shall be granted if made in writing within 48 hours after receipt of the Board's notice. However, any discussion that conflicts with any other student's right to privacy still shall be held in closed session.
 
On-Campus Suspension
Students for whom an expulsion action has not been initiated and who pose no imminent danger or threat to the school, students, or staff may be assigned to a supervised suspension classroom in a separate classroom, building, or site for the entire period of suspension. The following conditions shall apply:
 
  1. The on-campus suspension classroom shall be staffed in accordance with law
     
  2. The student shall have access to appropriate counseling services
     
  3. The on-campus suspension classroom shall promote completion of schoolwork and tests missed by the student during the suspension
     
  4. Each student shall be responsible for contacting their teacher(s) to receive assignments to be completed in the supervised suspension classroom. The teacher(s) shall provide all assignments and tests that the student will miss while suspended. If no such work is assigned, the person supervising the suspension classroom shall assign schoolwork.

    At the time a student is assigned to a supervised suspension classroom, the principal or designee shall notify the student's parent/guardian in person or by telephone. When the assignment is for longer than one class period, this notification shall be made in writing.
 
Superintendent or Principal’s Authority to Recommend Expulsion
Unless the Superintendent or principal determines that expulsion should not be recommended under the circumstances or that an alternative means of correction would address the conduct, they shall recommend a student's expulsion for any of the following acts:
 
  1. Causing serious physical injury to another person, except in self-defense
     
  2. Possession of any knife as defined in Education Code 48915(g), explosive, or other dangerous object of no reasonable use to the student
     
  3. Unlawful possession of any controlled substance, as listed in Health and Safety Code 11053-11058, except for the first offense for the possession of not more than one ounce of marijuana, other than concentrated cannabis
     
  4. Robbery or extortion
     
  5. Assault or battery, as defined in Penal Code 240 and 242, upon any school employee
In determining whether or not to recommend the expulsion of a student, the Superintendent, principal, or designee shall act as quickly as possible to ensure that the student does not lose instructional time.
 
Student's Right to Expulsion Hearing
Any student recommended for expulsion shall be entitled to a hearing to determine whether they should be expelled. The hearing shall be held within 30 school days after the Superintendent, principal, or designee determines that the student has committed the act(s) that form the basis for the expulsion recommendation.
 
The student is entitled to at least one postponement of an expulsion hearing for a period of not more than 30 calendar days. The request for postponement shall be in writing.
 
Any subsequent postponement may be granted at the Board's discretion.
 
If the Board finds it impractical during the regular school year to comply with these time requirements for conducting an expulsion hearing, the Superintendent or designee may, for good cause, extend the time period by an additional five school days. Reasons for the extension shall be included as a part of the record when the expulsion hearing is held.
 
If the Board finds it impractical to comply with the time requirements of the expulsion hearing due to a summer recess of Board meetings of more than two weeks, the days during the recess shall not be counted as school days. The days not counted during the recess may not exceed 20 school days, as defined in Education Code 48925. Unless the student requests in writing that the expulsion hearing be postponed, the hearing shall be held not later than 20 calendar days prior to the first day of the next school year.
 
Once the hearing starts, all matters shall be pursued with reasonable diligence and concluded without unnecessary delay.
 
Stipulated Expulsion
After a determination that a student has committed an expellable offense, the Superintendent, principal, or designee shall offer the student and their parent/guardian the option to waive a hearing and stipulate to the expulsion or a suspension of the expulsion under certain conditions. The offer shall be only after the student, or their parent/guardian has been given written notice of the expulsion hearing pursuant to Education Code 48918.
 
The stipulation agreement shall be in writing and shall be signed by the student and their parent/guardian. The stipulation agreement shall include notice of all rights that the student is waiving, including the waiving of their right to have a full hearing, to appeal the expulsion to the County Board of Education and to consult with legal counsel.
 
A stipulated expulsion agreed to by the student and their parent/guardian shall be effective upon approval of the Board.
 
Rights of Complaining Witness
An expulsion hearing involving allegations of sexual assault or sexual battery may be postponed for one school day in order to accommodate the special physical, mental, or emotional needs of a student who is the complaining witness.
 
Whenever the Superintendent or designee recommends an expulsion hearing that addresses allegations of sexual assault or sexual battery, they shall give the complaining witness a copy of the district's suspension and expulsion policy and regulation and shall advise the witness of their right to:
 
  1. Receive five days' notice of their scheduled testimony at the hearing
     
  2. Have up to two adult support persons of their choosing present at the hearing at the time they testify
     
  3. Have a closed hearing during the time they testify
Whenever any allegation of sexual assault or sexual battery is made, the Superintendent or designee shall immediately advise complaining witnesses and accused students to refrain from personal or telephone contact with each other during the time when an expulsion process is pending.
 
Written Notice of the Expulsion Hearing
Written notice of the expulsion hearing shall be forwarded to the student and the student's parent/guardian at least 10 calendar days before the date of the hearing. The notice shall include:
 
  1. The date and place of the hearing
     
  2. A statement of the specific facts, charges, and offense upon which the proposed expulsion is based
     
  3. A copy of district disciplinary rules which relate to the alleged violation
     
  4. Notification of the student's or parent/guardian's obligation, pursuant to Education Code 48915.1, to provide information about the student's status in the district to any other district in which the student seeks enrollment. This obligation applies when a student is expelled for acts other than those described in Education Code 48915(a) or (c).
     
  5. The opportunity for the student or the student's parent/guardian to appear in person or be represented by legal counsel or by a non-attorney advisor     

    Legal counsel means an attorney or lawyer who is admitted to the practice of law in California and is an active member of the State Bar of California.     

    Non-attorney advisor means an individual who is not an attorney or lawyer, but who is familiar with the facts of the case and has been selected by the student or student's parent/guardian to provide assistance at the hearing.
     
  6. The right to inspect and obtain copies of all documents to be used at the hearing
     
  7. The opportunity to confront and question all witnesses who testify at the hearing.
     
  8. The opportunity to question all evidence presented and to present oral and documentary evidence on the student's behalf, including witnesses
If the student facing expulsion is a foster youth, the Superintendent or designee shall also send notice to the student’s attorney and a representative of an appropriate child welfare agency at least 10 days prior to the hearing.
 
If the student facing expulsion is a homeless youth, the Superintendent or designee shall also send notice to the district’s homeless liaison for the homeless at least 10 days prior to the hearing.
 
Any notice for these purposes may be provided by the most cost-effective method possible, including by email or a telephone call.
 
Conduct of Expulsion Hearing
  1. Closed Session: Notwithstanding the provisions of Government Code 54953 and Education Code 35145, the Board shall conduct a hearing to consider the expulsion of the student in a session closed to the public unless the student requests in writing at least five days prior to the hearing that the hearing be a public meeting. If such a request is made, the meeting shall be public unless another student’s privacy rights would be violated.     

    Whether the expulsion hearing is held in closed or public session, the Board may meet in closed session to deliberate and determine whether or not the student should be expelled. If the Board admits any other person to this closed session, the parent/guardian, the student, and the counsel of the student also shall be allowed to attend the closed session.     

    If a hearing that involves a charge of sexual assault or sexual battery is to be conducted in public, a complaining witness shall have the right to have their testimony heard in closed session when testifying in public would threaten serious psychological harm to the witness and when there are no alternative procedures to avoid the threatened harm, including, but not limited to, videotaped deposition or contemporaneous examination in another place communicated to the hearing room by closed-circuit television.
     
  2. Record of Hearing: A record of the hearing shall be made and may be maintained by any means, including electronic recording, as long as a reasonably accurate and complete written transcription of the proceedings can be made.
     
  3. Subpoenas: Before commencing a student expulsion hearing, the Board may issue subpoenas, at the request of either the student or the Superintendent or designee, for the personal appearance at the hearing of any person who actually witnessed the action that gave rise to the recommendation for expulsion. After the hearing has commenced, the Board or the hearing officer or administrative panel may issue such subpoenas at the request of the student or the County Superintendent of Schools or designee. All subpoenas shall be issued in accordance with the Code of Civil Procedure 1985-1985.2 and enforced in accordance with Government Code 11455.20.     

    Any objection raised by the student or the Superintendent or designee to the issuance of subpoenas may be considered by the Board in closed session, or in open session if so, requested by the student, before the meeting. The Board's decision in response to such an objection shall be final and binding.     

    If the Board determines, or if the hearing officer or administrative panel finds and submits to the Board, that a witness would be subject to unreasonable risk of harm by testifying at the hearing, a subpoena shall not be issued to compel the personal attendance of that witness at the hearing. However, that witness may be compelled to testify by means of a sworn declaration as described in item #4 below.
     
  4. Presentation of Evidence: Technical rules of evidence shall not apply to the expulsion hearing, but relevant evidence may be admitted and used as proof only if it is the kind of evidence on which reasonable persons can rely in the conduct of serious affairs. The Board’s decision to expel shall be supported by substantial evidence that the student committed any of the acts pursuant to Education Code 48900 and listed in "Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion" above.     

    Findings of fact shall be based solely on the evidence at the hearing. While no finding shall be based solely on hearsay, sworn declarations may be admitted as testimony from witnesses whose disclosure of their identity or testimony at the hearing may subject them to an unreasonable risk of physical or psychological harm.     

    In cases where a search of a student's person or property has occurred, evidence describing the reasonableness of the search shall be included in the hearing record.
     
  5. Testimony by Complaining Witnesses: The following procedures shall be observed when hearings involve allegations of sexual assault or sexual battery by a student:     

    (a) Any complaining witness shall be given five days’ notice before being called to testify     

    (b) Any complaining witness shall be entitled to have up to two adult support persons, including, but not limited to, a parent/guardian or legal counsel, present during their testimony     

    (c) Before a complaining witness testifies, support persons shall be admonished that the hearing is confidential       

    (d) The person presiding over the hearing may remove a support person whom they find is disrupting the hearing       

    (e) If one or both support persons are also witnesses, the hearing shall be conducted in accordance with Penal Code 868.5       

    (f) Evidence of specific instances of prior sexual conduct of a complaining witness shall be presumed inadmissible and shall not be heard unless the person conducting the hearing determines that extraordinary circumstances require the evidence to be heard. Before such a determination is made, the complaining witness shall be given notice and an opportunity to oppose the introduction of this evidence. In the hearing on the admissibility of this evidence, the complaining witness shall be entitled to be represented by a parent/guardian, legal counsel, or other support person. Reputation or opinion evidence regarding the sexual behavior of a complaining witness shall not be admissible for any purpose.     

    (g) In order to facilitate a free and accurate statement of the experiences of the complaining witness and to prevent discouragement of complaints, the district shall provide a nonthreatening environment.             

              i. The district shall provide a room separate from the hearing room for the use of the complaining witness before and during breaks in testimony.               

              ii. At the discretion of the person conducting the hearing, the complaining witness shall be allowed reasonable periods of relief from examination and cross-examination during which they may leave the hearing room.             

              iii. The person conducting the hearing may:               

                        1. Arrange the seating within the hearing room so as to facilitate a less intimidating environment for the complaining witness             

                        2. Limit the time for taking the testimony of a complaining witness to the hours they are normally in school, if there is no good cause to take the testimony during other hours               

                        3. Permit one of the support persons to accompany the complaining witness to the witness stand
     
  6. Decision: The Board's decision as to whether to expel a student shall be made within 40 school days after the student is removed from their school of attendance, unless the student requests in writing that the decision be postponed.
 
Alternative Expulsion Hearing: Hearing Officer or Administrative Panel
Instead of conducting an expulsion hearing itself, the Board may contract with the county hearing officer or with the Office of Administrative Hearings of the State of California for a hearing officer. Alternatively, the Board may appoint an impartial administrative panel composed of three or more certificated personnel, none of whom shall be members of the Board or on the staff of the school in which the student is enrolled.
 
A hearing conducted by the hearing officer or administrative panel shall conform to the same procedures applicable to a hearing conducted by the Board as specified above in "Conduct of Expulsion Hearing," including the requirement to issue its decision within 40 school days of the student's removal from school, unless the student requests that the decision be postponed.
 
The hearing officer or administrative panel shall, within three school days after the hearing, determine whether to recommend expulsion of the student to the Board. If expulsion is not recommended, the expulsion proceeding shall be terminated and the student shall be immediately reinstated. The Superintendent or designee shall place the student in a classroom instructional program, any other instructional program, a rehabilitation program, or any combination of these programs after consulting with district staff, including the student's teachers, and with the student's parent/guardian. The decision to not recommend expulsion shall be final.
 
If expulsion is recommended, findings of fact in support of the recommendation shall be prepared and submitted to the Board. All findings of fact and recommendations shall be based solely on the evidence presented at the hearing. The Board may accept the recommendation based either upon a review of the findings of fact and recommendations submitted or upon the results of any supplementary hearing the Board may order.
 
In accordance with Board policy, the hearing officer or administrative panel may recommend that the Board suspend the enforcement of the expulsion. If the hearing officer or administrative panel recommends that the Board expel a student but suspend the enforcement of the expulsion, the student shall not be reinstated and permitted to return to the classroom instructional program from which the referral was made until the Board has ruled on the recommendation.
 
Final Action by the Board
Whether the expulsion hearing is conducted in closed or public session by the Board, a hearing officer, or an administrative panel, the final action to expel shall be taken by the Board at a public meeting.
 
The Board’s decision is final. If the decision is not to expel, the student shall be reinstated immediately. If the decision is to suspend the enforcement of the expulsion, the student shall be reinstated under the conditions of the suspended expulsion.
 
Upon ordering an expulsion, the Board shall set a date when the student shall be reviewed for readmission to a school within the district. For a student expelled for any act listed under "Mandatory Recommendation and Mandatory Expulsion" above, this date shall be one year from the date the expulsion occurred, except that the Board may set an earlier date on a case-by-case basis. For a student expelled for other acts, this date shall be no later than the last day of the semester following the semester in which the expulsion occurred. If an expulsion is ordered during summer session or the intersession period of a year-round program, the Board shall set a date when the student shall be reviewed for readmission not later than the last day of the semester following the summer session or intersession period in which the expulsion occurred.
 
At the time of the expulsion order, the Board shall recommend a plan for the student's rehabilitation, which may include:
 
  1. Periodic review, as well as assessment at the time of review, for readmission
     
  2. Recommendations for improved academic performance, tutoring, special education assessments, job training, counseling, employment, community service, or other rehabilitative programs
With parent/guardian consent, students who have been expelled for reasons relating to controlled substances or alcohol may be required to enroll in a county-sponsored drug rehabilitation program before returning to school.
 
Written Notice to Expel
The Superintendent or designee shall send written notice of the decision to expel to the student or parent/guardian. This notice shall include the following:
 
  1. The specific offense committed by the student for any of the causes for suspension or expulsion listed above under "Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: Grades K-12 “or “Additional Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: Grades 4-12”
     
  2. The fact that a description of readmission procedures will be made available to the student and their parent/guardian
     
  3. Notice of the right to appeal the expulsion to the County Board of Education
     
  4. Notice of the alternative educational placement to be provided to the student during the time of expulsion
     
  5. Notice of the student's or parent/guardian's obligation to inform any new district in which the student seeks to enroll of the student's status with the expelling district, pursuant to Education Code 48915.1
Decision To Suspend Expulsion Order
In accordance with Board policy, when deciding whether to suspend the enforcement of an expulsion order, the Board shall take into account the following criteria:
 
  1. The student's pattern of behavior
     
  2. The seriousness of the misconduct
     
  3. The student's attitude toward the misconduct and their willingness to follow a rehabilitation program
The suspension of the enforcement of an expulsion shall be governed by the following:
 
  1. The Board may, as a condition of the suspension of enforcement, assign the student to a school, class, or program appropriate for the student's rehabilitation. This rehabilitation program may provide for the involvement of the student's parent/guardian in the student's education. However, a parent/guardian's refusal to participate in the rehabilitation program shall not be considered in the Board's determination as to whether the student has satisfactorily completed the rehabilitation program
     
  2. During the period when enforcement of the expulsion order is suspended, the student shall be on probationary status
     
  3. The suspension of the enforcement of an expulsion order may be revoked by the Board if the student commits any of the acts listed under "Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion" above or violates any of the district's rules and regulations governing student conduct
     
  4. When the suspension of enforcement of an expulsion order is revoked, a student may be expelled under the terms of the original expulsion order
     
  5. Upon satisfactory completion of the rehabilitation assignment, the Board shall reinstate the student in a district school. Upon reinstatement, the Board may order the expunging of any or all records of the expulsion proceedings
     
  6. The Superintendent or designee shall send written notice of any decision to suspend the enforcement of an expulsion order during a period of probation to the student or parent/guardian. The notice shall inform the parent/guardian of the right to appeal the expulsion to the county board, the alternative educational placement to be provided to the student during the period of expulsion, and the student's or parent/guardian's obligation to inform any new district in which the student seeks to enroll of their status with the expelling district, pursuant to Education Code 48915.1(b).
     
  7. Suspension of the enforcement of an expulsion order shall not affect the time period and requirements for the filing of an appeal of the expulsion order with the county board
Right to Appeal
The student or parent/guardian is entitled to file an appeal of the Board's decision with the county board. The appeal must be filed within 30 days of the Board's decision to expel, even if the expulsion order is suspended and the student is placed on probation.
 
The student shall submit a written request for a copy of the written transcripts and supporting documents from the district simultaneously with the filing of the notice of appeal with the county board. The district shall provide the student with these documents within 10 school days following the student's written request.
 
Notification to Law Enforcement Authorities
Prior to the suspension or expulsion of any student, the principal or designee shall notify appropriate city or county law enforcement authorities of any student acts of assault which may have violated Penal Code 245.
 
The principal or designee also shall notify appropriate city or county law enforcement authorities of any student acts which may involve the possession or sale of narcotics or of a controlled substance. In addition, law enforcement authorities shall be notified regarding any acts by students regarding the possession, sale, or furnishing of firearms, explosives, or other dangerous weapons in violation of Education Code 48915(c)(1) or (5) or Penal Code 626.9 and 626.10.
 
Within one school day after a student's suspension or expulsion, the principal or designee shall notify appropriate city or county law enforcement authorities, by telephone or other appropriate means, of any student acts which may violate Education Code 48900(c) or (d), relating to the possession, use, offering, or sale of controlled substances, alcohol, or intoxicants of any kind.
 
Placement During Expulsion
The Board shall refer expelled students to a program of study that is:
 
  1. Appropriately prepared to accommodate students who exhibit discipline problems
     
  2. Not provided at a comprehensive middle, junior, or senior high school or at any elementary school, unless the program is offered at a community day school established at such a site
     
  3. Not housed at the school site attended by the student at the time of suspension
When the placement described above is not available and when the County Superintendent so certifies, students expelled for acts described in items #6-12 under "Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion" and items #1-3 in "Grounds for Suspension and Expulsion: Grades 4-12" above may be referred to a program of study that is provided at another comprehensive middle, junior, or senior high school or at an elementary school.
 
The program for a student expelled from any of grades K-6 shall not be combined or merged with programs offered to students in any of grades 7-12.
 
Readmission After Expulsion
Prior to the date set by the Board for the student’s readmission:
 
  1. The Superintendent or designee shall hold a conference with the parent/guardian and the student. At the conference the student's rehabilitation plan shall be reviewed and the Superintendent or designee shall verify that the provisions of this plan have been met. School regulations shall be reviewed and the student and parent/guardian shall be asked to indicate in writing their willingness to comply with these regulations.
     
  2. The Superintendent or designee shall transmit to the Board their recommendation regarding readmission. The Board shall consider this recommendation in closed session. If a written request for open session is received from the parent/guardian or adult student, it shall be honored to the extent that privacy rights of other students are not violated.
     
  3. If the readmission is granted, the Superintendent or designee shall notify the student and parent/guardian, by registered mail, of the Board's decision regarding readmission.
     
  4. The Board may deny readmission only if it finds that the student has not satisfied the conditions of the rehabilitation plan or that the student continues to pose a danger to campus safety or to other district students or employees.
     
  5. If the Board denies the readmission of a student, the Board shall determine either to continue the student's placement in the alternative educational program initially selected or to place the student in another program that serves expelled students, including placement in a county community school.
  6. The Board shall provide written notice to the expelled student and parent/guardian describing the reasons for denying re-admittance into the regular program. This notice shall indicate the Board's determination of the educational program which the Board has chosen. The student shall enroll in that program unless the parent/guardian chooses to enroll the student in another school district.
No student shall be denied readmission into the district based solely on the student’s arrest, adjudication by a juvenile court, formal or informal supervision by a probation officer, detention in a juvenile facility, enrollment in a juvenile court school, or other such contact with juvenile justice system.
 
Maintenance of Records
The district shall maintain a record of each suspension and expulsion, including its specific cause(s).
 
Expulsion records of any student shall be maintained in the student's mandatory interim record and sent to any school in which the student subsequently enrolls upon written request by that school.
 
The Superintendent or designee shall, within five working days, honor any other district's request for information about an expulsion from this district.
 

Legal References

Policy Reference Disclaimer:
These references are not intended to be part of the policy itself, nor do they indicate the basis or authority for the Board to enact this policy.  Instead, they are provided as additional resources for those interested in the subject matter of the policy.
 
STATE
CIVIL CODE
47 Privileged communication
48.8 Defamation liability
CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
1985-1997 Production of evidence; means of production
EDUCATION CODE
17292.5 Program for expelled students; facilities
1981-1983 Enrollment of students in community school
212.5 Sexual harassment
233 Hate violence
32260-32262 Interagency School Safety Demonstration Act of 1985
35145 Open board meetings
35146 Closed sessions regarding suspensions
35291 Rules for government and discipline of schools
35291.5 Rules and procedures on school discipline
48645.5 Former juvenile court school students; enrollment
48660-48666 Community day schools
48853-48853.5 Foster youth
48900-48927 Suspension and expulsion
48950 Speech and other communication
48980 Parent/Guardian notifications
49073-49079 Privacy of student records
52052 Numerically significant student subgroups
52060-52077 Local control and accountability plan
64000-64001 Consolidated application
8489-8489.1 Prohibition against expulsion of preschool student
GOVERNMENT CODE
11455.20 Informal hearing procedures
54950-54963 The Ralph M. Brown Act
H&S CODE
11014.5 Drug paraphernalia
11053-11059 Controlled substances; standards and schedules
LABOR CODE
230.7 Employee time off to appear in school on behalf of a child
PENAL CODE
240 Assault defined
241.2 Assault fines
242 Battery defined
243.2 Battery on school property
243.4 Sexual battery
245 Assault with deadly weapon
245.6 Hazing
261 Rape defined
266c Unlawful sexual intercourse
286 Sodomy defined
287 Oral Copulation
288 Lewd or lascivious acts with child under age 14
289 Penetration of genital or anal openings
31 Principal of a crime; defined
417.27 Laser pointers
422.55 Definition of hate crime
422.6 Crimes; harassment
422.7 Aggravating factors for punishment
422.75 Enhanced penalties for hate crimes
626.10 Dirks, daggers, knives, razors, or stun guns
626.2 Entry upon campus after written notice of suspension or dismissal without permission
626.9 Gun-Free School Zone Act of 1995
868.5 Supporting person; attendance during testimony of witness
CALIFORNIA WELFARE AND INSTITUTIONS CODE
224.1 Indian child; definition
729.6 Counseling

FEDERAL
UNITED STATES CODES
18 USC 921 Definitions; firearms and ammunition
20 USC 1415(K) Students with disabilities; placement in alternative educational setting
20 USC 7961 Gun-Free Schools Act
42 USC 11431-11435 Education of homeless children and youths

MANAGEMENT RESOURCES
ATTORNEY GENERAL OPINION
80 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 348 (1997)
80 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 85 (1997)
80 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 91 (1997)
84 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 146 (2001)
COURT DECISIONS
Board of Education of Sacramento City Unified School District v. Sacramento County Board of Education and Kenneth H. (2001) 85 Cal.App.4th 1321
Fremont Union High School District v. Santa Clara County Board (1991) 235 Cal. App. 3d 1182
Garcia v. Los Angeles Board of Education (1981) 123 Cal. App. 3d 807
John A. v. San Bernardino School District (1982) 33 Cal. 3d 301
T.H. v. San Diego Unified School District (2004) 122 Cal. App. 4th 1267
Woodbury v. Dempsey (2003) 108 Cal. App. 4th 421
U.S. DOE & U.S. DOJ CIVIL RIGHTS DIVISIONS PUBLICATIONS
Resource on Confronting Racial Discrimination in Student Discipline, May 2023
School Climate and Student Discipline Resources
Guiding Principles for Creating Safe, Inclusive, Supportive, and Fair School Climates, March 2023
WEBSITE
CSBA District and County Office of Education Legal Services https://legalservices.csba.org/
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Healthy Students https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/oshs
California Attorney General's Office http://oag.ca.gov/
California Department of Education http://www.cde.ca.gov/
U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights http://www2.ed.gov/ocr